전 세계 정치학자 282명 “윤 탄핵 외 방법 없다”

지난 7일 서울 여의도 국회 의사당 앞에서 시민들이 윤석열 대통령 탄핵안 투표 결과를 대형 화면으로 지켜보고 있다. 김봉규 선임기자 bong9@hani.co.kr

세계 각국의 저명한 정치학자 282명이 윤석열 대통령의 탄핵 촉구 지지 성명에 서명했다.

‘탄핵소추안을 조속히 재발의하고 통과시켜 헌정질서를 바로잡을 것을 촉구한다’(Call for an Immediate Reintroduction and the Passage of the Impeachment Bill to Restore the Constitutional Order)라는 제목의 이 성명에는 11일 오후 3시까지 한국에 널리 알려진 정치학자인 스테판 헤거드 캘리포니아대학 샌디에이고 캠퍼스 석좌교수, 셀레스테 아링턴 조지워싱턴대 교수를 비롯한 세계정치학회 집행위원 5명, 전 유럽정치학회장 데이비드 페럴, 대만정치학회장 차이쭝민(Chung-min Tsai), 라틴아메리카 민주주의 전문가인 헤라르도 뭉크 서던캘리포니아대학(USC) 교수 등이 동참했다.

이들 세계 정치학자들은 지난 9일 발표된 한국 정치학자 573명의 시국선언에 지지를 표명하는 형식으로 서명에 참여했다. 이 시국선언은 “윤석열이 12월3일 선포한 비상계엄은 의심할 여지가 없는 내란”이고, “탄핵 이외의 방법은 없다”고 명확히 밝히고 있다. 이들 정치학자들은 “탄핵은 헌정의 중단이 아니라 헌정 질서의 회복”이라고 강조했다. “대통령 탄핵은 국가와 헌법을 수호하고 국민의 행복을 가꾸어나가야 할 대통령이 국민의 신임을 배반했을 때 국가를 바로잡기 위한 장치”이며, “내란을 저지르고도 대통령직을 차지하고 앉아있는 것이야말로 헌정의 중단이며 국가와 국민을 우롱하는 것”이라고 했다.

현재 시각에도 유럽, 미국은 물론 아시아, 남미에 거주하는 학자들의 참여가 계속되고 있어 서명 학자들은 계속 늘어날 것으로 보인다. 윤석열 대통령의 비상계엄 선포로 인한 12.3 내란 사태 이후 한국 정치 상황에 대한 전 세계 정치학자들의 비상한 관심과 우려를 실감하게 한다.

성명 원문과 서명 참여자들의 실명은 다음과 같다.

The emergency martial law declared by President Yoon Suk Yeol on December 3rd, 2024, is, without a doubt, an insurrection. The unconstitutional and anti-democratic emergency martial law renders irrelevant the differences in the political parties we support, our political values, or our beliefs. Yoon threatened the fundamental rights of citizens with the martial law declaration that did not meet the constitutional requirements, and attempted to dissolve the National Assembly, which even emergency martial law does not allow. Fortunately, Yoon Suk Yeol’s attempted insurrection was thwarted thanks to the collective efforts of vigilant citizens, some conscientious military service members and police officers, and some members of the National Assembly. However, Yoon Suk Yeol must be prosecuted for his actions—the nation yearns for accountability.

There is no other way but impeachment. Those who prioritize protecting the president’s spouse over safeguarding the country and its people are now attempting to deceive the public with a claim of “orderly exit.” However, Yoon is a flagrant, active instigator of the insurrection, a crime which even the sitting president—who is typically immune from criminal prosecution—cannot escape. Having an unqualified person in the president’s office only brings misfortune to the country and its people, even if he retreats to the back room. In a presidential system, what constitutional authority allows the Prime Minister and ruling party to lead state affairs? Even if all the existing parties tried to form a new cabinet in unison, who would accept a letter of appointment with the name of an insurgency mastermind on it? The president's retreat to a background role is merely a deception. Having someone other than the president conduct presidential duties is illegal and is a manipulation of state affairs. A shortened term or a promise of resignation in a few months are precarious solutions, given that the nation will continue to be in the hands of an unqualified individual. Not even a few days or weeks is acceptable. We have already seen that Yoon Suk Yeol is capable of doing anything for himself and his wife. What possible reason is there to believe that Yoon would keep his promises?

Impeachment is not a “suspension of constitutional order,” as the ruling party argues, but rather its restoration. Presidential impeachment is a device to rectify the state when the president, tasked to defend the country, the constitution, and the prosperity of the people, instead betrays the trust of the people. It is the act of committing an insurrection yet remaining in the presidential office that truly amounts to a suspension of constitutional order and makes a mockery of the country and its people. The ruling party, the People Power Party, cites possible social instability as grounds for refusing the impeachment, but this is nothing more than a flimsy excuse to put the party’s and their personal interests over democracy and the protection of the constitution. Any lawmaker who denies the legitimacy of or obstructs the impeachment is nothing but an obstacle to the restoration of the constitution.

In our classrooms, we will teach about the anti-democratic behavior of Yoon Suk Yeol and the ruling party lawmakers who boycotted and invalidated the impeachment vote. We will warn our students that tolerating such behavior equates to opening the door to dictatorship, and we will urge that politicians who engage in anti-democratic behavior be held accountable through elections. We will teach our students not to be deceived by false supporters of democracy again, because true democracy recognizes and defends the freedoms and rights of even those who disagree with them. Furthermore, we will educate aspiring politicians not to follow in the footsteps of these anti-democratic politicians, but to become politicians who defend the constitution and democracy.

We deman the following:

1. All members of the National Assembly must promptly reintroduce the impeachment motion.

2. The People Power Party lawmakers must apologize to the public for invalidating the impeachment vote on December 7th.

3. The People Power Party lawmakers must participate in and vote in favor of the impeachment motion when it is reintroduced.

4. After passing the impeachment motion, all members of the National Assembly must work together with the public to deliberate on and implement measures to restore and strengthen democracy.

December 11, 2024

-탄핵소추안을 조속히 재발의/통과시켜 헌정질서를 바로잡을 것을 촉구한다-

윤석열이 12월 3일 선포한 비상계엄은 의심할 여지가 없는 내란이다. 우리가 지지하는 정당, 추구하는 정치적 가치나 신념의 차이는 반헌법적·반민주적 비상계엄령 앞에서 무의미하다. 윤석열은 헌법이 규정한 요건에도 부합하지 않는 계엄령으로 시민들의 기본권을 위협했고 비상계엄조차 침범할 수 없는 국회를 해산하려 했다. 다행히도 깨어있는 시민들, 양심을 지킨 일선의 군인과 경찰, 그리고 일부 국회의원들의 노력으로 윤석열의 내란은 실패했다. 그러나 윤석열은 응당 처벌되어야 하며 그것이 온 국민의 염원이다.

탄핵 이외의 방법은 없다. 대통령 배우자를 지키는 일을 국가와 국민을 지키는 것보다 중히 여기는 자들이 이제는 ‘질서 있는 퇴진’으로 국민들을 속이려 들고 있다. 그러나 윤석열은 어떤 죄를 지어도 형사소추되지 않는 대통령마저도 피해 갈 수 없는 내란죄의 현행범이다. 자격 없는 자가 대통령직에 앉아 있는 것은 그가 아무리 뒷방으로 물러나더라도 국가와 국민을 불행하게 만드는 일이다. 대통령중심제 국가에서 무슨 헌법적 권한으로 총리와 여당이 국정을 주도한다는 말인가. 설령 여야가 협의하여 새로 내각을 구성하려 하더라도, 내란 수괴의 이름이 적힌 임명장을 누가 받겠는가. 대통령의 2선 후퇴는 눈속임이다. 대통령 아닌 다른 자가 대통령의 국정을 대신 하는 것은 불법이며 국정농단이다. 임기 단축이나 몇 개월 후 하야 등은 자격없는 자의 손에 계속 국가를 맡기는 것이기에 불안하다. 단 며칠이나 몇 주도 안 된다. 우리는 이미 윤석열이 자신과 김건희를 위해서라면 그 어떤 짓도 할 수 있음을 보지 않았던가. 도대체 어떤 이유에서 그가 약속을 지킬 것이라고 믿으란 말인가.

탄핵은 헌정의 중단이 아니라 헌정 질서의 회복이다. 대통령 탄핵은 국가와 헌법을 수호하고 국민의 행복을 가꾸어나가야 할 대통령이 국민의 신임을 배반했을 때 국가를 바로잡기 위한 장치다. 내란을 저지르고도 대통령직을 차지하고 앉아있는 것이야말로 헌정의 중단이며 국가와 국민을 우롱하는 것이다. 여당은 탄핵으로 인한 사회 불안정 가능성을 탄핵 거부의 근거로 주장하나, 이는 민주주의와 헌법수호보다 자당과 자신의 이해관계를 우선한 비루한 변명에 지나지 않는다. 그를 탄핵하는 것의 정당성을 부정하거나 탄핵을 방해하는 국회의원들은 헌정의 회복을 저해하는 세력일 뿐이다.

우리는 강의실에서 윤석열과 그에 대한 탄핵소추안 투표를 불성립시킨 여당 의원들의 반민주적 행태를 교육할 것이다. 이를 용인하는 것은 독재화의 문을 여는 것과 같음을 경고할 것이며, 반민주적인 행태를 한 정치인을 선거에서 꼭 심판하라고 할 것이다. 진정한 민주주의는 자신과 의견이 다른 사람의 자유와 권리마저 인정하고 지키는 것이므로, 거짓된 민주주의자들에게 다시는 속지 말라고 가르칠 것이다. 아울러 정치인을 지망하는 학생들에게는 저들처럼 되지 말고, 헌법과 민주주의를 수호하는 정치인이 되라고 교육할 것이다.

우리는 다음을 요구한다.

1. 모든 국회의원들은 탄핵소추안을 조속히 재발의하라.

2. 국민의힘 국회의원들은 12월 7일 윤석열 탄핵소추안 투표를 불성립시킨 것에 대하여 국민에게 사과하라.

3. 국민의힘 국회의원들은 재발의된 탄핵소추안 투표에 참여하고 찬성하라.

4. 모든 국회의원들은 탄핵소추안을 가결한 후 민주주의의 회복과 강화를 위한 방안을 국민들과 함께 모색하고 실행하라.

List of 282 International Signatories in Support (alphabetical order) as of December 11, 15:00

Adriana Rudling (Global Research Institute at William & Mary)

Alina Dragolea (SNSPA (Bucharest, Romania))

Amoz Hor (Centre College)

Andrea Baumeister (University of Stirling)

Andrew Rosenberg (University of Florida)

Angie Torres (Michigan State University)

Anna Gunderson (University of Texas, Austin)

Armando Chaguaceda (GAPAC)

Ashish Vaidya (Colorado State University-Pueblo)

Autumn Lockwood Payton (University of Dayton)

Benjamin Goldfrank (Seton Hall University)

Berk Esen (Sabanci University)

Bonnie M. Meguid (University of Rochester)

Boram Lee (London School of Economics)

Burcu Savun (University of Pittsburgh)

Carlos Shenga (Centre for Research on Governance and Development)

Casey Kearney (LSE)

Cathy Lisa Schneider (American University. School of Int’l Service)

Celeste Arrington (George Washington University)

Chad Rector (Marymount University)

Chan Ka Ming (Newcastle University)

Chang-Ling Huang (National Taiwan University)

Charmaine Willis (Skidmore College)

Chelsea C. Chou (National Taiwan University)

Chiu-Wan Liu (National Taiwan University)

Christopher M. Federico (University of Minnesota)

Chuan-hsien Chang (Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica)

Chueiling Shin (Department of Political Economy, National Sun, Yat-Sen University, Taiwan)

Chung-min Tsai (National Chengchi University)

Claudiu Tufis (University of Bucharest)

Clemens Hoffmann (University of Stirling, Scotland)

Coree Brown Swan (University of Stirling)

Corey Brettschneider (Brown University)

Daeyong Kim (Ohio State University)

Dah Haam Kim (Texas A&M)

Dahyun Choi (Princeton University)

Dan Slater (University of Michigan)

Daniel Stockemer (University of Ottawa)

David Ebner (Sweet Briar College)

David Hundt (Deakin University)

David Jackson (Bowling Green State University)

David Macdonald (University of Florida)

Devon Cantwell-Chavez (University of Ottawa)

Doeun Kim (UCLA)

Donghwi Han (Brooklyn College)

Donghyun Kim (Chung-Ang University)

Dongkyu Kim (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)

Dongwook Kim (Korea University)

Dr Gerard Toal (Virginia Tech. USA)

Dr Marietta van der Tol (University of Cambridge)

Dr Zana Gul (The University of Stirling)

Dr. Carl Graefe (Dartmouth College Dickey Center for International Understanding)

Dr. Thomas Klikauer (Western Sydney University)

Dukhong Kim (Florida Atlantic University)

Ecem Ersozlu (University of Pittsburgh)

Eduardo Henrique B. Vasconcelos (State University of Goiás (Brazil))

Edward Goldring (University of Melbourne)

Elicka Peterson Sparks (Appalachian State University)

Elifcan Celebi (University College Dublin)

Elías Chavarría-Mora (University of Costa Rica)

Emilia Palonen (University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences)

Emmanuel Balogun (Skidmore College)

Eric C.C. Chang (Michigan State University)

Esther Calvo (Lund University)

Eunsook Jung (Univ. of Wisconsin)

Evren Celik Wiltse (South Dakota State University)

Fouzia Azzouz (University of Algiers 2)

GILSUN JEONG (University of Sussex)

Gabriela Ippolito-O'Donnell (Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Argentina.)

Gabriela Julio (University of Padua)

Geoboo Song (송거부) (University of Arkansas)

Gerardo Munck (University of Southern California)

Gino Pauselli (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)

Gisela Sin (University of Illinois)

Graeme Blair (Associate Professor of Political Science, UCLA)

Gustavo Diaz (Northwestern University)

György Széll (University of Osnabrück)

Han Kang (University of Toronto)

Han S. Park (University of Georgia)

Hannes Mosler (University of Duisburg-Essen)

Hans Schattle (Yonsei University)

Hans Tung (National Taiwan University)

Hata Masaki (Osaka university of economics)

Henoch Gabriel Mandelbaum (University of São Paulo)

Hong Min Park (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)

Hsin-Chih CHEN (National Cheng Kung University)

Hsin-Hsin Pan (Soochow University in Taiwan)

Hui-yeon Kim (Inalco)

Hung-Jeng Tsai

Hye-Sung Kim (Appalachian State University)

Hyein Yang (Cornell University)

Hyemin Park (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

Hyeonggeun Ji (ISS, Erasmus University Rotterdam)

Hyungmin Park (University of Warwick)

Hyunjung Park (University of York)

Hyunso Christy Oh (Ohio State University)

Hyunsoo Kwon (University of Virginia)

Hyunwoo Kim (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Ian Tsung-yen Chen (National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan)

Indrajit Roy (University of York)

Indridi Indridason (University of California, Riverside)

Inhwan Oh (William & Mary)

Inyeop Lee (Tennessee Tech University)

JONGSEOK WOO (University of South Florida)

Jack Kennedy (Hertie School of Governance)

Jack Zhang (University of Kansas)

Jae Eun Jun (Ohio State University)

Jae Hyun Park (University of Toronto)

Jae-Hee Jung (University of Houston)

Jaewook Lee (Leiden University)

Jaeyoung Lee (University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign)

Jafar Suryomenggolo (CASE Paris)

James Bisbee (Vanderbilt University)

Jamie Doucette (University of Manchester)

Jason Kuo (National Taiwan University)

Jeeyoung Lee (Harvard University)

Jeffrey Henderson (University of Bristol)

Jeffrey Nonnemacher (University of Colorado Boulder)

Jenny Jun (Georgia Institute of Technology)

Jeongho Choi (University of Iowa)

Jinhyeok Jang (National Sun Yat-sen University)

Jiyoung Cho (New School for Social Research)

Joan Cho (Wesleyan University)

Jon Chu

Jonas Pontusson (University of Geneva)

JongWon Lee (Indiana University)

Jonghyuk Lee (SKKU)

Jongwoo Jeong (Georgia State University)

Joohye Jeong (MIT)

Joseph Parent (University of Notre Dame)

Joshua Boston (Bowling Green State University)

Joshua Ferrer (University of California, Los Angeles)

José A. Olmeda (National University for Distance Learning Education (Spain))

Jungbae An (Ohio State University)

Jungmin Han (한정민) (Trinity College Dublin)

Junwoo Suh (University of California Berkeley)

KUMKUM (Kyungsung University)

Kai Thaler (University of California, Santa Barbara)

Kanika Khanna (Cornell University)

Karl Holmberg (Lund University)

Keonhi Son (University of Mannheim)

Kevin Gray

Kevin Hockmuth (Akita International University)

Kim Yi Dionne (UC Riverside)

Kisoo Kim (University of Chicago)

Koichi Nakano (Sophia University)

Kun (Byeonggeun) Heo (LSE)

Kunda Dixit (Publisher, Nepali Times)

Kyung Hoon Lee (NYU)

Laura Gamboa (University of Notre Dame)

Laurent Jeanpierre (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)

Leanne C Powner

Lee Morgenbesser (Griffith University)

Lewis Luartz (Chapman University)

Lindsay Nielson (Fors Marsh)

Lisa Dellmuth (Stockholm University)

Lisa Schweiger (University of Stirling)

Lorena Estupiñán-Pedraza (Universidad San Buenaventura Cali)

Lucas Novaes (Insper)

Maija Mattila (Formerly University of Tampere)

Manuela Muñoz Fuerte (Texas Tech University)

Mari Miura (Sophia University)

Marjorie Castle (Barnard College, Columbia University)

Markie McBrayer (University of Idaho)

Marques Zárate (Brown University)

Mary Gallagher

Matthew Heneghan (University of Glasgow)

Michael Bernhard (Florida)

Michael Chwe (UCLA)

Michael Elwell (University of North Texas Graduate Student)

Mikko Poutanen (Tampere University, Finland)

Minho Maeng (The University of Alabama)

Minju Lee (University of Connecticut)

Minsu Jang (장민수) (University of Milano-Bicocca)

Mohd Faizal Musa (Senior Research Fellow, Institute of the Malay World and Civilization, National University of Malaysia (UKM))

Mona Adh (University of Stirling)

Munroe Kim (New York University)

Mutuku Kamau (Social Development Officer (Kenya) and KDI School Alumnus)

Myung Jung Kim (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)

Nara Kang (Michigan State University)

Narrelle Gilchrist (Princeton University)

Nathan Kalmoe, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

Nathan Kar Ming Chan (Loyola Marymount University)

Niels Søndergaard (Institute for International Relations, University of Brasília)

Nina C. Krickel-Choi (Lund University)

PETITJEAN Clément (Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne (Cridup, CESSP))

Pandit Chanrochanakit (Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University)

Patrick Cunha Silva (Loyola University Chicago)

Pei-Yu Wei (Dartmouth College)

Peter Hur

Piero Stanig (Bocconi University)

Professor David Farrell (University College Dublin)

Pyo Yeahin (University of Massachusetts-Amherst)

Rainer Werning (Open Academy - Germany)

Rakhyun E. Kim (Utrecht University)

Rana Khoury (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)

Randy Leahey (Sunnyvale)

Raudiel Peña Barrios (Iberoamerican University, Mexico City)

Rena Sung (Kyung Hee University)

Renee Scherlen (Appalachian State University)

Richard Clark (University of Notre Dame)

Richard Snyder (Brown University)

Rikio Inouye (Princeton University)

Robert Franzese (University of Michigan)

Robert Kubinec (University of South Carolina)

Robert Yates (University of Bristol)

Robin Rose Saywitz (Saint Louis University)

Ronan Tse-min Fu (Academia Sinica (Taiwan))

Russell Muirhead (Dartmouth College)

Saemyi Park (University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point)

Saerom Han (Sookmyung Women's University)

Sanho Chung (University of Arizona)

Sarah Brooks (Ohio State University)

Sarah Thompson (Social Scientists' Association)

Scott Hofer (Monmouth University)

Scott Siegel (San Francisco State University)

Sein Park (Washington University in St. Louis)

Seobin Han (Ohio State University)

Seongjoon Ahn (University of Illinois)

Seoungwon Lee (Seoul National University)

Seowon Oh (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

Seowoo Chung (Columbia University)

Seulah Lee (University of Minnesota)

Seulki Lee-Geiller (Yale University)

Sharmini Nair

Shengqiao Lin (Harvard University)

Sojin Lim (University of Central Lancashire)

Soosun You (University of Pennsylvania)

Soyeon Park (Michigan State University)

Staffan I Lindberg

Stefan Fritsch (Bowling Green State University)

Stephan Haggard (UCSD)

Stephanie Schwartz (The London School of Economics and Political Science)

Stephen Mumme (Colorado State University)

Steven Denney (Leiden University)

Steven Finkel (University of Pittsburgh)

Sultan Mehmood (New Economic School)

Sun-young Yun (KDI school Alumni)

Sunghee Cho (Temple University Japan Campus)

Sungjin Park (GNUE)

Susan Kang (John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York)

Sverrir Steinsson (University of Toronto)

TOGASHI Ayumi (Toyoeiwa University)

Tae Hoon Kim (Swedish Defence University)

Taehyun Nam (Salisbury University)

Tapio Raunio (Tampere University)

Tara Riggs (Formerly Binghamton University)

Tariq Modood (University of Bristol)

Thalia Gerzso (University of York)

Theresa Reidy (University College Cork)

Thomas Chadefaux (Trinity College Dublin)

Tony Zirui Yang (University of Oxford)

Torben Iversen (Harvard University)

Udoi Rateng (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor)

Valerie M. Hudson (Texas A&M University)

Vivianne Y.-C. Weng (National Chengchi University)

Walter Frantz

Wei-hao Huang (NSYSU)

Wolfgang Heuer (Free University Berlin)

Wonjeong Jo (University of California, Davis)

Yann Kerevel (Louisiana State University)

Ye Wang (UNC Chapel Hill)

Yeaji Kim (California State University Dominguez Hills)

Yohan Park (Trinity College Dublin)

Yong Jae Kim (Hawaii Pacific University)

Yoo Sun Jung (University College Dublin)

Yu Bin Kim (Knox College)

Yuan He (University College London )

Yusaku Horiuchi (Dartmouth College)

mauro calise (University of Naples Federico II Italy)

岡本正明 (京都大学)

王伟

高垒（Gao Lei） (无所属机构)

국승민 (John Seungmin Kuk) (Michigan State University)

김은지 (Columbia University)

박연수(Yeon Soo Park) (University of Texas at Dallas)

박찬혁 (Washington University in St. Louis)

신기영 (오차노미즈대학)

오가타 요시히로 (후쿠오카대학)

임정현 (노스캐롤라이나대학교)

조수현 (보든칼리지)

한상현 (조지아공과대학교)

박민희 선임기자 minggu@hani.co.kr