‘Squirrel road’ versus‘ pepper airport’ (KOR)
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According to the results of the preliminary feasibility study by the Korea Development Institute (KDI), the benefit-to-cost ratio of the Gadeok Island airport in Busan was 0.58. In other words, the benefit of investing 100 won is only 58 won. The results of a preliminary feasibility study of a new airport at Saemangum, North Jeolla — which was under fire for the disruption of the World Scout Jamboree — was only 0.48. It is a failing score, but it was exempt from the preliminary study during the Moon Jae-in administration. The Seosan airport in South Chungcheong survived even after failing to pass the preliminary study. The airport will soon turn into another "pepper airport."
일본에는 '다람쥐 도로'가 있다.
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KIM KI-HWANThe author is a business news reporter of the JoongAng Ilbo. There is a “squirrel road” in Japan. Does it refer to a dedicated road that allows squirrels to run around in an eco-friendly environment? Nope.
In the 1990s, the Japanese government promoted the construction of infrastructure such as roads, airports and railroads across the country. It did not carefully examine the feasibility of the project in order to boost the slow economy. Budgets were wasted to build roads going deep into forests with no traffic. Now some roads are only used by squirrels, not cars.
In Korea, there is a “pepper airport” similar to squirrel road. Does it refer to an airport built on a pepper field that happened to be at a key transportation hub? Again, that’s not the case. It’s called that because the airport is so rarely used that the runway could be used by farmers to dry peppers.
There are 15 airports in the country, but 11 have chronic deficits aside from those in Incheon, Gimpo, Gimhae and Jeju. Nevertheless, there are constant calls to build more airports.
According to the “2024 Budget Proposal” announced by the government on Aug. 29, the infrastructure budget for next year is fixed at 26.1 trillion won ($19.7 billion), up 4.6 percent from this year’s budget of 24.9 trillion won.
Even key budgets such as jobs and R&D were cut one after another, but the infrastructure budget was an exception. There is criticism that the National Assembly, whose members have constituency issues, and the government, sensitive to approval ratings, have joined forces to raise the budget ahead of next April’s parliamentary elections without proper vetting.
Anyone engaged in economic activities would conduct a cost-benefit analysis. If the physical and time costs from a choice and the direct and indirect benefits are converted to monetary values, you would go for it because the benefit is greater than the cost. This would be called a reasonable choice.
The system adopted in 1999 to address this was the preliminary feasibility study. In the study, a project is considered economically reasonable only when the benefit-to-cost ratio is more than 1.0.
According to the results of the preliminary feasibility study by the Korea Development Institute (KDI), the benefit-to-cost ratio of the Gadeok Island airport in Busan was 0.58. In other words, the benefit of investing 100 won is only 58 won. The results of a preliminary feasibility study of a new airport at Saemangum, North Jeolla — which was under fire for the disruption of the World Scout Jamboree — was only 0.48. It is a failing score, but it was exempt from the preliminary study during the Moon Jae-in administration. The Seosan airport in South Chungcheong survived even after failing to pass the preliminary study. The airport will soon turn into another “pepper airport.”
일본 ‘다람쥐 도로’, 한국 ‘고추 공항’김기환 경제부 기자
일본에는 ‘다람쥐 도로’가 있다. 친환경 취지에서 다람쥐가 뛰놀 수 있도록 만든 전용 도로일까. 아니다. 일본 정부는 1990년대 국토 곳곳에서 도로ㆍ공항ㆍ철도 같은 사회간접자본(SOC) 건설을 추진했다. 가라앉은 경기를 띄운다며 사업의 타당성조차 꼼꼼히 따지지 않았다. 인적이 없는 깊은 숲속까지 도로를 깔아 예산을 낭비하는 식이었다. 자동차 대신 다람쥐만 다니는 도로가 탄생한 배경이다.
한국에는 다람쥐 도로 못지않은 ‘고추 공항’이 있다. 마침 교통의 요지에 있던 고추밭을 개발해 효율성을 높인 공항일까. 역시 아니다. 탁 트인 활주로를 고추 말리는 용도로나 써야 할 정도로 공항 이용객이 적다는 의미다. 전국에 공항이 15곳이지만, 인천ㆍ김포ㆍ김해ㆍ제주공항을 제외한 11곳은 만년 적자 신세다. 그런데도 공항을 더 지어야 한다는 주장이 끊이지 않는다.
정부가 29일 발표한 ‘2024년 예산안’에 따르면 내년 SOC 예산은 26조1000억원이다. 올해 SOC 예산(24조9000억원)보다 4.6% 늘렸다. 일자리ㆍ연구개발(R&D) 같은 핵심 예산조차 줄줄이 깎였지만, SOC 예산은 예외였다. 내년 4월 총선을 앞두고 지역구 현안이 달린 국회, 지지율에 민감한 정부가 합심해 ‘묻지마’ 증액했다는 지적이 나오는 이유다.
누구나 경제 행위를 할 때 ‘비용 편익 분석(B/C)’을 한다. 선택이 가져올 물리적ㆍ시간적 비용(cost)과 여기서 얻는 직간접적 편익(benefit)을 금전 가치로 바꾼 뒤, 편익이 비용보다 크다는 판단이 서야 일을 추진한다. 우리는 이런 선택을 “타당하다”고 평가한다. 그런 문제의식에서 1999년 도입한 제도가 ‘예비 타당성 조사(예타)’다. 예타에서 B/C가 1.0 이상이어야 사업에 경제성이 있다고 본다.
한국개발연구원(KDI)의 예타 결과에 따르면 부산 가덕도 신공항의 B/C는 0.58이다. 100원을 투자해 얻는 편익이 58원에 그친다는 얘기다. 최근 세계 스카우트잼버리 대회 파행으로 도마 위에 오른 전북 새만금 신공항은 B/C가 0.47이다. 낙제점 수준이지만 문재인 정부 시절 예타를 면제받았다. 충남 서산공항은 예타에서 탈락했는데도 살아남았다. 여기 ‘고추 공항’의 운명이 보인다.
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